The purpose of this research study is to investigate how individuals with chronic pain respond to pain and how virtual reality may affect the way individuals experience pain.

You may qualify for a study if you meet the following criteria.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ages 18-88
• Have a history of face, jaw, or head pain in the past three months and/or a TMD/TMJ diagnosis
• No other significant neurological, psychiatric, or physical health conditions
• Not dependent on any substances (e.g., alcohol, opioids, cocaine)
• No severe face trauma in the last 3 months
• If female, not pregnant or breastfeeding
• No cervical pain other than pain related to TMD
• No severe psychiatric condition (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, autism) leading to hospitalization within the last 3 years
• No use of antipsychotics (e.g., Risperdal, Abilify, Clozaril)
• No use of these specific antidepressants: tricyclic antidepressants, clomipramine, desipramine, cholecystokinin, and lithium chloride
• No color-blindness
• No impaired or uncorrected hearing
• No known history of severe motion sickness
• No history of fainting
• No use of ADHD medication, non-over-the-counter painkillers, methadone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and/or narcotics in the past 3 months
• No history of angioedema
• No lifetime alcohol/drug dependence or alcohol/drug abuse in past 3 months
• No pain in jaw or temple in last 3 months due to toothache or infection
• No facial trauma that has occurred in the last 6 weeks
• No history of a severe facial trauma in the last 3 months
• No conditions that would interfere with the VR mask placement (e.g. trauma, burn, infection)
• Ability to pass a drug test for opiates, cocaine, methamphetamines, amphetamines

This study includes 2 segments, which can be completed in the same day or split into 2 days. 

The first portion will last approximately 1 1/2 hours, where participants will be evaluated for Temporomandibular Disorder.

The second portion will last approximately 3 hours, during which the researcher will administer either naloxone nasal spray, saline nasal spray, or no treatment before you undergo a VR, 2D-VR, or no VR intervention and test your pressure pain tolerance.

After both segments participants will be asked to complete online questionnaires, as well as a final survey one week later. 

As a participant, you can receive up to $150 for completing all study segments. 

Compensation for parking is also provided, as well as compensation for travel up to 150 miles.

There is no cost for you to participate in our research study.